Over the past century, medical lookup in the usa (US) have gone through a traditional epidemiologic change, step one towards appeal shifting out of personal health problems connected with youthfulness infectious sickness, mineral inadequacies and epidemics so you can noncommunicable disorder-along with cardiovascular illnesses (CVD), hypertension, diabetic issues mellitus, and you may persistent renal disease (CKD). The problem is immense: in 2009–2010, such, 23.1% out-of mature People in america had prehypertension, when you find yourself an additional 31.5% had hypertension. dos Prices estimated from the Western Cardiovascular system Relationship (AHA) put the head and you can indirect costs off blood pressure from the more $93.5 million per year. step three
Slimming down sodium and/or potassium might be examined sometimes of the weight-loss remember, dimensions from weight loss consumption and you will/or supplement incorporate in the an intervention, otherwise by laboratory evaluation out-of urinary sodium and you may potassium since the one another track closely which have slimming down consumption
Population studies have demonstrated an association between dietary sodium chloride (termed salt in this review) as well as dietary potassium, and blood pressure (BP). 4–9 Along with the rising prevalence of hypertension and CVD, non-pharmacological dietary guidelines designed to promote the health of the public have therefore been instituted. 10 While these programs have an impact, most Americans christian cafe giriÅŸ consume well above the minimum daily requirement for dietary salt and further have inadequate potassium intake. To emphasize the excess salt in the American diet, the US Department of Health and Human Services/US Department of Agriculture (US DHHS/USDA) 2010 Dietary Guidelines advise Americans to reduce daily sodium intake to <2300 mg/d per person, with an even lower goal of 1500 mg/d for specific subpopulations; while the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has recommended an age-dependent targeted sodium intake of 1000–1500 mg/day and established a Tolerable Upper Level of Intake (UL) from 1500–2300 mg/day. 11 Between 2003–2008, the median daily sodium intake excluding table salt was 3371 mg (IQR: 2794, 4029) and median potassium consumption was 2631 mg (IQR: 2164 mg, 3161 mg) among US adults >20 years of age; 99.4% of US adults consumed >1500 mg of sodium daily and 90.7% consumed >2300 mg daily. 12 Recent high-profile publications, however, have challenged these guidelines. For this reason, this study considered the evidence that the level of dietary salt and potassium intake affects population BP, CVD, and mortality. Specifically, the authors examined the scientific rationale for population-wide recommendations to increase dietary potassium while reducing salt intake, the strength of available evidence, and offer recommendations for stakeholders to consider.
Tips and you may Evidence Legs
Studies in this review include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) linking dietary salt and potassium intakes to subsequent morbidity and mortality which determine the health outcomes of reducing salt intake and/or increasing potassium intakes by diet or supplementation. The following databases (from ined: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Pubmed and Quertle), EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), the Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) database, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and . Consideration was given to variations in terms used and spelling of terms so that studies were not overlooked and took the general form: (“dietary salt” or “dietary sodium” or (synonyms)) and (“dietary potassium” or (synonyms)) and (“blood pressure” or “hypertension” or “vascular disease” or “heart disease” or “chronic kidney disease” or “stroke” or “mortality” or (synonyms)). Studies were excluded if 1) the paper was an observational or ecological study, a review, or editorial/commentary; 2) the language was not English; 3) the participant total was <20; or 4) the outcome of the trial did not include systolic and diastolic BP, age, CKD, markers and indices of vascular function, CVD and CVD-related hospital admissions, or mortality. Studies that examined outcomes in the setting of heart failure were also excluded.
Studies have to become an evaluation away from fat loss sodium and/or diet potassium; and may also involve people getting a dietary intervention one limited salt, one out of which the input are guidance to reduce sodium consumption, and/or one that increased dieting potassium and/or on it potassium supplements.